<\/p>\n
\u00d6zellikler: Kirlenme, \u00e7imentolu karb\u00fcr \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u00e7inde e\u015fit olmayan boyutlarda g\u00f6zeneklerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen y\u00fczey \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 veya delikler ile karakterize edilir.<\/p>\n
Y\u00fczey hafif kirliyse ve delik kalmayacak \u015fekilde i\u015flenebiliyorsa \u00fcr\u00fcn kaliteli kabul edilip piyasaya sunulabilir.<\/p>\n
E\u011fer y\u00fczey \u00e7ok kirlenmi\u015fse veya kabarma g\u00f6steriyorsa hurda olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131kta sinterleme a\u015famas\u0131nda, sinterlenmi\u015f g\u00f6vdedeki i\u00e7 reaksiyonlar sonucu olu\u015fan gazlar ka\u00e7ar veya y\u00fczeye g\u00f6\u00e7 eder. Bu zamana kadar s\u0131v\u0131 faz kat\u0131la\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olur ve zamanla toparlanamayan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck g\u00f6zenekler b\u0131rak\u0131r ve y\u00fczeye g\u00f6\u00e7 eden gazlar tamamen d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n
\u0130ndirgenmesi zor olan baz\u0131 oksitler yaln\u0131zca s\u0131v\u0131 faz\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011fu s\u0131cakl\u0131kta indirgenir. \u0130ndirgemeyle olu\u015fan gazlar\u0131n bas\u0131nc\u0131, s\u0131v\u0131 faz\u0131n b\u00fcz\u00fclmesinin direncini a\u015farak kabarc\u0131k olu\u015fumuna yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n
1.A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k (a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sinterleme) s\u0131v\u0131 faz\u0131n belirgin \u015fekilde artmas\u0131na ve k\u00fcmele\u015fmesine neden olarak kabarc\u0131klanmaya yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n
2. Preslenmi\u015f bloklardaki karb\u00fcr tala\u015flar\u0131 veya bak\u0131r teller gibi kirlilikler de kabarc\u0131klanmaya (kirlenmeye) neden olabilir.<\/p>\n
3. Preslenmi\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcnde ciddi delaminasyon olu\u015fmas\u0131, sinterleme s\u0131ras\u0131nda kabarc\u0131klanma olarak da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir.<\/p>\n
1.Oksitlenmi\u015f blok malzemeler, oksitlenmi\u015f gran\u00fcler malzemeler ve hatal\u0131 preslenmi\u015f bo\u015fluklar.<\/p>\n
2. Metal kirlilikleri: Elek teli art\u0131klar\u0131, kobalt tala\u015flar\u0131.<\/p>\n
3. Metal d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kirlilikler: Seramik par\u00e7alar\u0131, cam par\u00e7alar\u0131, tekne dolgu malzemeleri, toz, f\u0131r\u00e7a art\u0131klar\u0131 vb.<\/p>\n
4.\u015eekillendirici maddeler: \u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f mekanik kirlilikler, filtrelenmemi\u015f jel, d\u00fczensiz \u015fekillendirici maddeler, eskimi\u015f \u015fekillendirici maddeler, vb.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u00d6zellikleri: Karb\u00fcr \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn geometrik \u015fekli d\u00fczensiz de\u011fi\u015fimlere u\u011frar, e\u011frilmi\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcnler ise belirli bir d\u00fczlemde d\u00fczenli kavisli deformasyon g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n
Bu t\u00fcr deforme karb\u00fcr \u00fcr\u00fcnler i\u00e7in, standartlara veya \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00e7izimlerine g\u00f6re denetimler yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Tolerans s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fan \u00fcr\u00fcnler yeniden i\u015fleme i\u00e7in \u00fcretim birimine geri g\u00f6nderilmeli ve yeniden i\u015flenemeyenler hurda olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1. Preslenmi\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn e\u015fit olmayan yo\u011funlu\u011fu: Bu, sinterleme s\u0131ras\u0131nda e\u015fit olmayan b\u00fcz\u00fclmeye yol a\u00e7ar. Daha y\u00fcksek yo\u011funlu\u011fa sahip alanlar daha az b\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcrken, daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yo\u011funlu\u011fa sahip alanlar daha fazla b\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
2. Preslenmi\u015f par\u00e7an\u0131n etraf\u0131ndaki karbon atmosferinin dengesiz olmas\u0131: Bu durum \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn deformasyonuna neden olur.<\/p>\n
3.Sinterleme s\u0131ras\u0131nda dengesiz s\u0131cakl\u0131k ortam\u0131: Preslenmi\u015f ham par\u00e7a, sinterleme ortam\u0131ndaki s\u0131cakl\u0131k tutars\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 nedeniyle deforme olur.<\/p>\n
4.Di\u011fer nedenler: Sinterleme teknesinin uygunsuz y\u00fcklenmesi, taban plakas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczg\u00fcn yerle\u015ftirilmemesi, vb.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u00d6zellikler: Soyulma, ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kenarlar\u0131nda ve k\u00f6\u015felerinde d\u00fczensiz dal benzeri \u00e7atlaklar, \u00e7atlaklar veya pul pul d\u00f6k\u00fclmelerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla karakterize edilir. Hafif vakalarda, bir \u00e7atlak a\u011f\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrken, \u015fiddetli vakalarda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7alar soyulabilir. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 vakalarda, \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00e7atlayabilir ve tamamen soyulabilir, soyulma yerlerinde pamuk benzeri karbon siyah\u0131 birikintileri a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Soyulan karb\u00fcr \u00fcr\u00fcnleri do\u011frudan hurda olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1.D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k b\u00f6lgesinde y\u00fcksek karbon i\u00e7eren gaz konsantrasyonu: Y\u00fcksek karbon i\u00e7eren gaz konsantrasyonlar\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn zay\u0131f b\u00f6lgelerine (genellikle daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yo\u011funlu\u011fa veya \u00f6nemli elastik son etkilere sahip olan kenarlar ve k\u00f6\u015feler gibi) n\u00fcfuz eder. Kobalt\u0131n katalitik etkisi alt\u0131nda karbon \u00e7\u00f6kelme reaksiyonlar\u0131 meydana gelir:<\/p>\n
CH=C+H2<\/p>\n
CO2 = C+CO2<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6kelen karbon karb\u00fcr\u00fcn s\u00fcreklili\u011fini bozarak soyulmaya yol a\u00e7ar. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, karbon i\u00e7eren atmosferlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda serbest karbona ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 soyulman\u0131n birincil nedenidir.<\/p>\n
2.Vakumlu mum giderme a\u015famas\u0131: Mum giderme s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 400\u00b0C'yi (tipik olarak 375\u00b0C) a\u015farsa, parafinin piroliz s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131r ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck molek\u00fcler a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 parafin, olefinler ve serbest karbon \u00fcretir. S\u0131cakl\u0131k artmaya devam ettik\u00e7e, parafin pirolizi yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131r. Bu a\u015famada, sinterlenmi\u015f g\u00f6vde g\u00f6zenekli ve gev\u015fek hale gelir, mukavemetini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azalt\u0131r ve parafin pirolizi taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen hidrokarbon gazlar\u0131n\u0131n etkisine dayanmas\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve soyulmaya yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n
(1) D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k b\u00f6lgesinde teknenin itme h\u0131z\u0131 ve \u0131s\u0131tma oran\u0131<\/p>\n
(2) Hidrojendeki nem i\u00e7eri\u011fi<\/p>\n
(3) Teknedeki y\u00fckleme miktar\u0131<\/p>\n
(4) Kobalt\u0131n katalitik etkisi<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Karb\u00fcrlenmi\u015f karb\u00fcr \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, kesitte ince grafit noktalar\u0131 veya yuva benzeri noktalar g\u00f6r\u00fclebilen parlak, ya\u011fl\u0131 siyah bir y\u00fczeye sahiptir. Ciddi durumlarda, \u00fcr\u00fcn dokunuldu\u011funda ya\u011flanm\u0131\u015f hissedilebilir ve siyah izler b\u0131rakabilir. Karb\u00fcrizasyon genellikle \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn performans\u0131n\u0131 etkiler ve belirli s\u0131n\u0131fa ve ama\u00e7lanan kullan\u0131ma g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Uygun olmayan \u00fcr\u00fcnler yeniden i\u015flenmek \u00fczere \u00fcretim birimine iade edilmelidir.<\/p>\n
1.Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 toplam karbon i\u00e7eri\u011fi<\/p>\n
2.Dolgu malzemesinde y\u00fcksek karbon i\u00e7eri\u011fi<\/p>\n
3.D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k b\u00f6lgesi atmosferinde y\u00fcksek hidrokarbon konsantrasyonu<\/p>\n
4. Karbonun grafit teknelerden sinterlenmi\u015f g\u00f6vdeye dif\u00fczyonu<\/p>\n
\u015eekillendirici maddenin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda h\u0131zl\u0131 \u0131s\u0131tma oran\u0131 ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcre, \u015fekillendirici maddenin ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na ve serbest grafit olu\u015fmas\u0131na neden olarak karb\u00fcr karb\u00fcrizasyonuna yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n
1.A\u011fda giderme (sak\u0131z giderme) i\u015flemi s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u015fekillendirme maddesinin ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131<\/p>\n
2.Grafit teknelerden karbon dif\u00fczyonu<\/p>\n
3. Vakum f\u0131r\u0131n\u0131nda sinterleme atmosferinin kontrol\u00fc<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Dekarb\u00fcrize karb\u00fcr \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, y\u00fczeyde beyaz parlak noktalar veya parlak \u00e7izgiler, k\u0131r\u0131k y\u00fczeyinde ise g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f-beyaz parlak noktalar veya kurba\u011fa yavrusu \u015feklinde \u00e7ukurlar g\u00f6sterir. Mikro yap\u0131, \u03b7 faz\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterebilir. Dekarb\u00fcrizasyon genellikle \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn performans\u0131n\u0131 etkiler ve dekarb\u00fcrize karb\u00fcr \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeniden i\u015flenmek \u00fczere \u00fcretim birimine geri g\u00f6nderilmelidir.<\/p>\n
\u00dcr\u00fcndeki WC ile H\u2082 aras\u0131ndaki reaksiyon CH\u2084 \u00fcretir. Bu reaksiyon sinterleme s\u00fcreci boyunca ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k artt\u0131k\u00e7a yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n
F\u0131r\u0131n giri\u015finde, tam b\u00fcz\u00fclme ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeden \u00f6nce, \u00fcr\u00fcnde hem i\u00e7ten hem de d\u0131\u015ftan dekarb\u00fcrizasyon meydana gelir.<\/p>\n
F\u0131r\u0131n \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u00fcr\u00fcn b\u00fcz\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra y\u00fczeyde dekarb\u00fcrizasyon meydana gelir. Reaksiyonun yo\u011funlu\u011fu H\u2082 ak\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu reaksiyonla olu\u015fan CH\u2084 y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda ayr\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn karb\u00fcrizasyonuna neden olur.<\/p>\n
F\u0131r\u0131n atmosferindeki nem, 825\u00b0C'nin \u00fczerindeki s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda WC veya C ile reaksiyona girer:<\/p>\n
H2O+WC\u2192W+H2+CO<\/p>\n
H2O+C\u2192CO+H2<\/p>\n
Bu reaksiyon f\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n hem giri\u015finde hem de \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda meydana gelir. Tam b\u00fcz\u00fclmeden \u00f6nce i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f dekarb\u00fcrizasyona neden olurken, f\u0131r\u0131n \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda y\u00fczey dekarb\u00fcrizasyonuna neden olur.<\/p>\n
Vakum sinterleme s\u0131ras\u0131nda dekarb\u00fcrizasyon reaksiyonu<\/p>\n
Vakum sinterleme s\u0131ras\u0131nda deoksidasyon reaksiyonu, preslenmi\u015f blank\u0131n oksijen i\u00e7ermesi nedeniyle meydana gelir ve bu oksijen sinterleme s\u0131ras\u0131nda serbest karbon ve WC'deki karbon taraf\u0131ndan indirgenir. Reaksiyonlar \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n
MeO+C\u2192Me+CO<\/p>\n
MeO+2C\u2192MeC+CO<\/p>\n
This reaction also occurs at both ends of the furnace entry and exit. Before complete contraction, the U-shaped product causes decarburization both inside and outside. At the exit end, it causes decarburization on the product’s surface.<\/p>\n
Vakum sinterlemesinden sonra deoksidasyon reaksiyonu, kompakt\u0131n sinterleme s\u0131ras\u0131nda serbest karbon ve WC'deki karbon taraf\u0131ndan indirgenen oksijen i\u00e7ermesi nedeniyle meydana gelir. Reaksiyon: MeO + C == Me + CO, MeO + 2C == MeC + dekarb\u00fcrizasyon reaksiyonu meydana gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Malzemelerle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fczeyi, d\u00fczensiz ala\u015f\u0131m yap\u0131s\u0131yla ac\u0131 kavunun kabu\u011funa benzer. Kesiti, genellikle farkl\u0131 boyut ve \u015fekillerde lekeler ve d\u00fczensiz y\u00fczeyler g\u00f6steren genel kirli deliklerden farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Mikro yap\u0131da farkl\u0131 derecelerde organizasyon yap\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Karma karb\u00fcrl\u00fc malzemeler performans\u0131 etkiler ve genellikle hurda olarak kabul edilir, ancak hafif kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f malzemeler kesitsel kirlenme standard\u0131na g\u00f6re incelenebilir ve i\u015flenebilir.<\/p>\n
1. Preslemeden \u00f6nce kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma<\/p>\n
2. S\u0131v\u0131 faz sinterleme s\u0131ras\u0131nda WC tanecik b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine neden olabilen al\u00fcminyum, k\u00fck\u00fcrt, silisyum, fosfor ve bor gibi baz\u0131 safs\u0131zl\u0131k elementlerinin etkisi, bunlar aras\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli etkiye sahip olan fosfordur.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sinterleme \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin y\u00fczey taneleri geni\u015flemi\u015f ve kesit yap\u0131s\u0131 daha kabad\u0131r. Hafif vakalarda, sadece daha fazla say\u0131da parlak nokta g\u00f6zlemlenirken, \u015fiddetli vakalarda, y\u00fczey bazen kabarc\u0131klar veya petek g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc g\u00f6sterir. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 pi\u015firilmi\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcnler hurda olarak de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/p>\n
1.Excessive sintering temperature – grain growth<\/p>\n
2.Prolonged holding time – grain growth<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Az pi\u015firilmi\u015f ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnler gev\u015fek bir yap\u0131ya, koyu y\u00fczey rengine ve metalik parlakl\u0131\u011fa sahip de\u011fildir. Vakumla sinterlenmi\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcnler gri-beyaz bir y\u00fczeye, kesitte daha b\u00fcy\u00fck parlak noktalara ve fark edilir bir su emilim fenomenine sahiptir. Az pi\u015firilmi\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcnler i\u015flem i\u00e7in \u00fcretim birimine geri g\u00f6nderilmelidir.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sert, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 iri taneli malzemeler, kal\u0131p bo\u015flu\u011funda taneli malzemelerin e\u015fit olmayan da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kompakt tek a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck presleme bas\u0131nc\u0131 veya lokal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yo\u011funluk.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Yukar\u0131da yaln\u0131zca uyumsuzlu\u011fun birka\u00e7 nedeni analiz edilmektedir. karb\u00fcr \u00fcr\u00fcnleri<\/a>. In actual production, there may be various other issues, which require us to further improve our understanding, analyze the causes, and propose specific countermeasures. After the occurrence of non-conformance, it is necessary to seriously analyze our production process, identify the causes, and make improvements. Generally, attention should be paid to details, especially the usual practices that are often taken for granted. Only by truly focusing on the details can we reduce problems and avoid quality issues. Therefore, it is said: “Details determine success or failure.”<\/div>\n