{"id":21250,"date":"2022-07-23T16:07:37","date_gmt":"2022-07-23T08:07:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/?p=21250"},"modified":"2022-07-27T11:24:16","modified_gmt":"2022-07-27T03:24:16","slug":"august-wohlers-experiment-statics-showing-you-how-the-4-elements-impact-on-fatigue-crack","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/pl\/sierpien-wohlers-eksperyment-statyka-pokazuje-jak-4-elementy-wplyw-na-zmeczenie\/","title":{"rendered":"Statyka eksperymentu Augusta W\u00f6hlera pokazuj\u0105ca, jak 4 \u017cywio\u0142y wp\u0142ywaj\u0105 na p\u0119kanie zm\u0119czeniowe"},"content":{"rendered":"
Fatigue cracks are generally the result of periodic plastic deformation in local areas. Fatigue is defined as “failure under repeated load or other types of load conditions, and this load level is not sufficient to cause failure when applied only once.” This plastic deformation occurs not because of the theoretical stress on the ideal component, but because the component surface can not be actually detected.<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/p> August W\u00f6hler jest pionierem bada\u0144 zm\u0119czeniowych i przedstawia metod\u0119 empiryczn\u0105. W latach 1852-1870 w\u00f6hler bada\u0142 post\u0119puj\u0105c\u0105 awari\u0119 osi kolejowych. Zbudowa\u0142 stanowisko testowe pokazane na rysunku 1. Stanowisko to umo\u017cliwia jednoczesne obracanie i zginanie dw\u00f3ch osi kolejowych. W\u00f6hler wykre\u015bli\u0142 zale\u017cno\u015b\u0107 mi\u0119dzy napr\u0119\u017ceniem nominalnym a liczb\u0105 cykli prowadz\u0105cych do uszkodzenia, co jest p\u00f3\u017aniej znane jako wykres SN. Ka\u017cda krzywa nadal nazywana jest lini\u0105 aw\u00f6hlera. Metoda Sn jest nadal najcz\u0119\u015bciej stosowan\u0105 metod\u0105. Typowy przyk\u0142ad tej krzywej pokazano na rysunku 1.<\/p> <\/a><\/p> <\/a><\/p> Several effects can be observed through the w \u00f6 hler line. First, we note that the SN curve below the transition point (about 1000 cycles) is invalid because the nominal stress here is elastoplastic. We will show later that fatigue is caused by the release of plastic shear strain energy. Therefore, there is no linear relationship between stress and strain before fracture, and it cannot be used. Between the transition point and the fatigue limit (about 107 cycles), the Sn based analysis is valid. Above the fatigue limit, the slope of the curve decreases sharply, so this region is often referred to as the “infinite life” region. But this is not the case. For example, aluminum alloy will not have infinite life, and even steel will not have infinite life under variable amplitude load.<\/a><\/p> Wraz z pojawieniem si\u0119 nowoczesnej technologii wzmacniania, ludzie mog\u0105 bardziej szczeg\u00f3\u0142owo bada\u0107 p\u0119kni\u0119cia zm\u0119czeniowe. Obecnie wiemy, \u017ce powstawanie i propagacj\u0119 p\u0119kni\u0119\u0107 zm\u0119czeniowych mo\u017cna podzieli\u0107 na dwa etapy. W pocz\u0105tkowej fazie rysa propaguje si\u0119 pod k\u0105tem oko\u0142o 45 stopni w stosunku do przy\u0142o\u017conego obci\u0105\u017cenia (wzd\u0142u\u017c linii maksymalnego napr\u0119\u017cenia \u015bcinaj\u0105cego). Po przekroczeniu dw\u00f3ch lub trzech granic ziaren, jego kierunek zmienia si\u0119 i rozci\u0105ga si\u0119 w kierunku oko\u0142o 90 stopni w stosunku do przy\u0142o\u017conego obci\u0105\u017cenia. Te dwa etapy nazywane s\u0105 p\u0119kni\u0119ciem etapu I i p\u0119kni\u0119ciem etapu II, jak pokazano na rysunku 2.<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/p> If we observe a stage I crack at high magnification, we can see that the alternating stress will lead to the formation of a continuous slip band along the maximum shear plane. These slip bands slide back and forth, much like a deck of cards, resulting in uneven surfaces. The concave surface finally forms a “budding” crack, as shown in Figure 3. In phase I, the crack will expand in this mode until it meets the grain boundary and will stop temporarily. When enough energy is applied to the adjacent crystals, then the process will continue.<\/p> <\/a><\/p> <\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/p> Po przekroczeniu dw\u00f3ch lub trzech granic ziaren kierunek propagacji p\u0119kni\u0119\u0107 wchodzi teraz w faz\u0119 II. Na tym etapie zmieni\u0142y si\u0119 w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci fizyczne propagacji p\u0119kni\u0119\u0107. Samo p\u0119kni\u0119cie stanowi makroprzeszkod\u0119 dla przep\u0142ywu napr\u0119\u017ce\u0144, powoduj\u0105c du\u017c\u0105 koncentracj\u0119 napr\u0119\u017ce\u0144 plastycznych na wierzcho\u0142ku p\u0119kni\u0119cia. Jak pokazano na rysunku 4. Nale\u017cy zauwa\u017cy\u0107, \u017ce nie wszystkie p\u0119kni\u0119cia I stopnia rozwin\u0105 si\u0119 do II stopnia.<\/a><\/p> In order to understand the propagation mechanism of stage II, we need to consider the situation of crack tip cross-section during the stress cycle. As shown in Figure 5. The fatigue cycle begins when the nominal stress is at point “a”. As the stress intensity increases and passes through point “B”, we notice that the crack tip opens, resulting in local plastic shear deformation, and the crack extends to point “C” in the original metal. When the tensile stress decreases through the “d” point, we observe that the crack tip closes, but the permanent plastic deformation leaves a unique serration, the so-called “cut line”. When the whole cycle ends at the “e” point, we observe that the crack has now increased the “Da” length and formed additional section lines. It is now understood that the range of crack growth is proportional to the range of applied elastic-plastic crack tip strain. A larger cycle range can form a larger Da.<\/a><\/p> <\/p> Zbadano i wyja\u015bniono koncepcyjnie wp\u0142yw nast\u0119puj\u0105cych parametr\u00f3w na szybko\u015b\u0107 rozwoju p\u0119kni\u0119\u0107 zm\u0119czeniowych:<\/p> From the diagram, we can see that a certain “amount” of shear stress is released during the periodic change of the strength of the nominal stress. And the larger the range of stress changes, the greater the energy released. Through the SN curve shown in Figure 1, we can see that the fatigue life decreases exponentially with the increase of the stress cycle range.<\/a><\/p>Czynniki wp\u0142ywaj\u0105ce na tempo wzrostu p\u0119kni\u0119\u0107 zm\u0119czeniowych<\/h2>
1Napr\u0119\u017cenie \u015bcinaj\u0105ce<\/h3>