{"id":21490,"date":"2022-10-10T11:55:40","date_gmt":"2022-10-10T03:55:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/?p=21490"},"modified":"2022-10-10T11:55:40","modified_gmt":"2022-10-10T03:55:40","slug":"thermodynamics-of-materials","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%83%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%af\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

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Changes in thermal effects usually accompany all physical, chemical, and metabolic reactions occurring in nature. People’s understanding of the nature of heat has undergone a long and tortuous journey of exploration.<\/p>\n

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Boltzmann et al. combined quantum mechanics with classical thermodynamics to form statistical thermodynamics. Statistical thermodynamics belongs to the microscopic-to-macroscopic approach, which starts from the properties of microscopic particles and defines the system or particle’s partition function by finding the statistical probability, which is used as a bridge to establish the connection with the macroscopic properties.<\/p>\n

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\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0628\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1876 \u060c \u0637\u0628\u0642 H. Roozeboom \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1899 \u060c \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0637\u0648\u0631 Fe-Fe3C \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1900 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u061b \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 G. Tamman \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d R. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u061b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u060c \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0625\u0645. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 L. Kaufman \u0648 M. Hillert \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629. . \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0625\u0645. \u0647\u064a\u0644\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 (CALPHAD) \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 [2].<\/p>\n

In June 2011, the U.S. announced a $500 million Advanced Manufacturing Partnership, one of the core elements of which is the Materials Genome Initiative (MGI). “The MGI aims to provide the necessary toolset for the development of new materials, reduce the reliance on physical experiments through powerful computational analysis, and significantly accelerate the variety and speed of new materials brought to market by advances in experimentation and characterization, reducing the development cycle from the current 10-20 years to 2-3 years.<\/p>\n

Materials thermodynamics studies the melting and solidification of solid materials, solid-state phase transitions, phase equilibrium relationships and compositions, microstructural stability, and the direction and driving force of phase transitions. In order to describe the free energy, enthalpy, entropy, etc. of various types of phases, various image-only or statistical thermodynamic models have been proposed, such as the ideal solute model, the regular solute model, the subregular solute model, the quasi-chemical model, the atomic sum model, the central atom model, the double sub dot model, the variational group model (CVM), the Bragg-Williams approximation, the Bethe approximation, the Ising approximation, Miedema approximation, etc. Diffusion is the main content of kinetic studies, including the formation and growth of nuclei during solidification, as well as homogenization, distribution, and redistribution of solute atoms in the alloy during heat treatment, which can be deduced from Fick’s first and second laws.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f: \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a Gm-x \u060c \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u060c \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a TTT \u060c \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a CCT \u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e. \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

1 \u060c \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 (DSC \u060c DTA \u060c TG \u060c \u062d\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e) \u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629.<\/p>\n

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(1) \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

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(2) \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

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(3) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/h3>\n

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(4) \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644<\/h3>\n

\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0632\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c Muggianu \u0648\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 Cu-Al-Zn \u0639\u0646\u062f 293 \u0643\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c Thermo-Calc \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0629 [7].<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h2>\n

[1] Xu Zuyao \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u060c 2009<\/p>\n

[2] \u062f\u0627\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a \u060c \u0644\u0648 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062c \u060c \u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u062c. \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 [J]. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u060c 2006 \u060c 4 (20): 94-97<\/p>\n

[3] \u0643\u0648\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0648\u0627\u0646\u063a \u060c \u0648\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0648 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0645\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0643\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0647\u064a\u062a\u0648 \u0625\u064a\u0634\u064a\u062f\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a Cu-Ni-Sn [J]. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u060c 2005 (11): 202-207.<\/p>\n

[4] \u062f\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u063a \u060c \u062a\u0634\u0648 \u064a\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u063a \u060c \u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0648. \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0641\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 9Ni \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644 [C] \u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636. \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064a\u062e\u0647: \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c 2008: 741-749<\/p>\n

[5] \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062c \u060c \u0632\u0627\u0646\u062c \u0643\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0641\u0627 \u060c \u0632\u0627\u0646\u062c \u062f\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 [J]. \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u060c 2010 \u060c 29 (04): 23-27<\/p>\n

[6] \u062c\u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u064a\u0646\u063a \u060c \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0632\u0627\u064a \u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0645\u064a \u064a\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0644\u064a \u064a\u0627\u0646-\u0641\u0646 \u060c \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u064a-\u0643\u0648\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 [J]. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u060c 2010 \u060c 22 (06): 1058-1067.<\/p>\n

[7] Lidija GOMIDZELOVIC \u060c Emina PoZEGA \u060c Ana KOSTOV \u060c Nikola VUKOVIC \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 Cu-Al-Zn [J]. \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u060c 2015 \u060c 25 (08): 2630-2636<\/p>\n

[8] Liux J \u0648 Takaku Y \u0648 Ohnuma I \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 [J]. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u060c 2005 \u060c 4 (2): 122-125<\/p>\n

[9] Chen Q\u060c Jeppsson J\u060c Agren J. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a [J]. \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u060c 2008 \u060c 56: 1890-1896<\/p><\/div>\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Overview of thermodynamics Changes in thermal effects usually accompany all physical, chemical, and metabolic reactions occurring in nature. People’s understanding of the nature of heat has undergone a long and tortuous journey of exploration. In the early 20th century, Planck, Poincare, Gibbs, and other scientists took macroscopic systems as the object of study, based on…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":21491,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[79],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Thermodynamics-of-Materials.png","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21490"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21490"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21490\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21491"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21490"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21490"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21490"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}