????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? (HRTEM ?? HREM) ?? ????? ????? (????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ????? ?????.) ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????.

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy began in the 1950s. In 1956, JWMenter directly observed parallel strips of 12 ? copper phthalocyanine with a resolution of 8 ? transmission electron microscope, and opened high-resolution electron microscopy. The door to surgery. In the early 1970s, in 1971, Iijima Chengman used a TEM with a resolution of 3.5 ? to capture the phase contrast image of Ti2Nb10O29, and directly observed the projection of the atomic group along the incident electron beam. At the same time, the research on high resolution image imaging theory and analysis technology has also made important progress. In the 1970s and 1980s, the electron microscope technology was continuously improved, and the resolution was greatly improved. Generally, the large TEM has been able to guarantee a crystal resolution of 1.44 ? and a dot resolution of 2 to 3 ?. HRTEM can not only observe the lattice fringe image reflecting the interplanar spacing, but also observe the structural image of the arrangement of atoms or groups in the reaction crystal structure. Recently, Professor David A. Muller’s team at Cornell University in the United States used laminated imaging technology and an independently developed electron microscope pixel array detector to achieve a spatial resolution of 0.39 ? under low electron beam energy imaging conditions.

????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? HRTEM. ???? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????: ??? ????? ???????. ?? ????? TEM ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? TEM ????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ? ??? 200 TEM ???? ????? ???? ??? 1.9 ? ? ?? ??? ?? 200 Kev ???????? TEM ???? 2.3 ?. ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? TEM ????????? ????? ?????.

??? ?? ???? ?? ????? 1 ? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? (λ) ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? d ? ???? Bragg (2dsin θ = λ) ???? ? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? (2θ). ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? (?? ???? ???????? ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ). ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ????? ???? ????? (???? ?????? ?????????) ??? ????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? (???? ?????? ????? ?????).

??? ??? ????? ? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????: ????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? (??? ???? ?????) ? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? (???? ????? ???: ???? ???? ?????) ? ???? ????.

???? ?????: ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? (??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? 2 (?)) ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?? ?????? ? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ???????? ? ??? ???? ??? ? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? (?) ?? ????? 2.

???? ???? ?????? ?????: ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? 2 (?) ( ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???????) ??? ????????). ?? ??? ?????? ??? ? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? 3 (???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????.

???? ????? ?????? ???????: ??? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? (????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? 2 (?) ). ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????????. ?? ???? ???? ??????? ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????. ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? (?? ??????? ?????) ? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? 3 (?).

???? ???? ????? ???????: ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? 2 (?). ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????. ???? ?? ????? 3 (??) ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? Tl2Ba2CuO6. ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ???????. ???? ? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????. ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????. ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????.

???? ????: ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????. ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???. ???? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? 2 (??) ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? Au? Cd. ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? Cd ????????. ??? 2 (??) ????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? (020) ? (008). ????? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ???? Cd ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? 4.

??? ?? ???? ?? ????? 4 ? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????. ???? ? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? 5 ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????.